![]() As determined in the European energy performance of buildings directive (EPBD), it is needed to increase the energy efficiency of buildings to achieve the objective of reducing the Union’s energy consumption by 20% until 2020. In addition, buildings have an important role to play to reduce the CO 2 emissions and to mitigate climate change and reduce the overall greenhouse gas emissions by 80–95% until 2050 below 1990 levels ( European Union, 2010).Įxisting buildings have effective opportunities for energy savings because the level of performance of these buildings is below the current potentials and standards for energy efficiency requirements ( Ferrara et al., 2018). Therefore, there is a significant need to decrease the total energy consumption which can be achieved by improving the building design, applying highly efficient technologies and decreasing the costs for these technologies. This sector is increasing daily which also increases the energy demand. Hence finding the best trade-off amongst the different goals, optimizing the most promising passive approaches that can be applied is a central part of the solution.īuildings are responsible for approximately 40% of energy consumption in the EU ( Buildings Performance Institute Europe, 2011). Furthermore, higher initial investment costs for nZEBs are an obstacle for the market acceleration of nZEBs. Even though several technologies are available to achieve nZEBs, applying and combining these technologies in an optimal way is still a challenge. ![]() In this paper different passive approaches for already realized buildings in different European countries with different climate conditions are demonstrated. Technology sets are combinations of different types of technologies in nZEBs for both the satisfaction of energy needs and thermal comfort requirements. Passive approaches are the basis for finding optimal nZEB technology sets. This paper therefore focuses on the quantification of the effects of passive design approaches/technologies to improve the energy performance of buildings. However, the effects of passive approaches on energy consumption are not quantified. Many studies in the field focus on active technologies and renewable energies in buildings. Furthermore, finding the optimal building design and technology sets for nZEBs under different boundary conditions (climate, availability of renewable energy sources on-site etc.) and for different building types (residential, non-residential) is still a challenge. How nZEBs are defined and therefore designed varies amongst Europe due to different national definitions/legislations. Nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEBs) will be the standard in Europe in the future. 2Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy System ISE, Department Energy Efficient Buildings, Freiburg, Germany.1Energy Systems Research Unit – Thermodynamics Laboratory, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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